Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Oxides of Tin

Ionizing radiation from both natural and man-made sources can affect the various organs and tissues of the body. Radiation processing is an expanding technology with numerous applications in many domains, including health care products sterilization, sewage and hospital waste treatment, polymer modifications, and food processing [1]. Moreover, real-time radiation detectors have become essential to emergency personnel when responding to accidents, environmental incidents, or terrorist attacks that may involve radioactive material. Irradiation process displaces an atom from its original site, leaving a vacant site behind (a vacancy) and the displaced atom eventually comes to rest in a location that is between lattice sites, becoming an interstitial atom. The vacancy interstitial pair is created to radiation effects in crystalline solids and is known as a Frenkel pair (FP) [2]. The presence of the FP and other consequences of irradiation damage determine the physical effects with the application of stress and the mechanical effects of irradiation. Radiation effects depend on radiation sources such as gamma rays, electrons and ions, because of the linear energy transfer (LET) deposited along the track of ionizing particles, is different for ions, electrons and gamma rays. When a γ-ray passes through matter, it ionizes via three processes depending upon the energy: the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. A γ-photon interacts with and transfers its energy to an atomic electron, causing the ejection of that electron from the atom [1]. The photoelectric effect is the dominant energy transfer mechanism for γ-ray photons with energies below 50 keV but it is much less important at higher energies. In Compton scattering, the interaction results in the ejection of atomic electrons. The probability of Compton scattering decreases with increasing photon energy. Compton scattering is thought to be the principal absorption mechanism for γ-rays in the intermediate energy range 100 keV to 10 MeV. Based on energy consideration, the role of pair production may be neglected in the present study. In this study, the films